Exploring Cairo

Cairo, the sprawling capital of Egypt, is the largest city in the Arab world and Africa, with a population exceeding 22 million in its greater metropolitan area. Beyond the iconic pyramids that most associate with Egypt lies a metropolis teeming with architectural marvels, lively streets, and religious monuments that have witnessed centuries of human history. From the intricate wooden patterns in the Coptic churches to the towering minarets of Islamic mosques, Cairo offers travelers a journey through millennia of civilization within its chaotic but captivating urban landscape.

During my recent visit, I explored the lesser-known but equally mesmerizing parts of this ancient city – the spiritual depth of Coptic Cairo, the architectural splendor of Islamic Cairo, the historic Al-Muizz Street, the sensory explosion of Khan el-Khalili market, and the unparalleled treasures of the Egyptian Museum. Join me as I share the highlights and essential tips for experiencing the heart and soul of Cairo beyond the pyramids.

If you’re planning a trip to Egypt, Cairo is the perfect starting point. Whether you’re a history lover, foodie, or adventurer, Cairo offers a dynamic mix of experiences that will leave you wanting more. Here’s your essential guide to the top things to do in Cairo:

Nestled within the old Roman fortress of Babylon, Coptic Cairo is a peaceful sanctuary from the city’s bustle and home to Egypt’s oldest Christian community. This historic district contains some of the world’s most significant Christian monuments.

• The Hanging Church (Al-Mu’allaqah): Built atop the gatehouse of the Roman fortress, this 9th-century marvel gets its name from its suspended location. Its wooden roof resembles Noah’s Ark, and its intricate interior features 110 icons, with the oldest dating back to the 8th century.

St. Sergius and Bacchus Church (Abu Serga): This 4th-century church was built over a crypt where, according to tradition, the Holy Family sought refuge during their flight to Egypt. The 12 columns representing the apostles create a powerful atmosphere of reverence.

Ben Ezra Synagogue: Egyptians converted this 9th-century church into a synagogue that, according to local legend, marks the spot where Pharaoh’s daughter found baby Moses among the reeds. The beautiful wooden ark and intricate geometric patterns are particularly noteworthy.

Coptic Museum: Housing the world’s largest collection of Coptic artifacts, this museum offers insight into Egypt’s Christian heritage through manuscripts, icons, woodwork, and textiles spanning two millennia.

A UNESCO World Heritage site, Islamic Cairo is a testament to the city’s status as a center of Islamic learning and culture for over a thousand years. Its narrow streets are lined with ornate mosques, madrasas (schools), and historic houses.

Ibn Tulun: The Mosque of Ibn Tulun stands as one of Cairo’s most remarkable architectural treasures and the oldest mosque in Egypt that has survived in its original form. Built between 876 and 879 CE by Ahmad Ibn Tulun, the governor of Egypt during the Abbasid Caliphate, this striking structure is known for its distinctive spiral minaret inspired by the famous Great Mosque of Samarra in Iraq. Visitors are particularly drawn to the mosque’s tranquil atmosphere, a stark contrast to Cairo’s bustling streets, and the panoramic views of the city from its rooftop. As one of the world’s largest mosques by land area, Ibn Tulun’s masterpiece reflects the geometric harmony and spiritual serenity that characterizes the finest Islamic religious architecture.

Al-Azhar Mosque: Founded in 970 CE, this mosque is not only one of Cairo’s oldest but also home to the world’s second-oldest continuously operating university. Its five minarets and vast courtyard exemplify Islamic architectural brilliance.

Sultan Hassan Mosque and Madrasa: This 14th-century complex stands as one of the finest examples of Mamluk architecture in the world. Its massive entrance portal, soaring walls, and intricate decorations reflect the grandeur of its era

Citadel of Saladin: Perched on a limestone hill, this medieval fortification offers panoramic views of Cairo.

Running through the heart of historic Cairo, Al-Muizz Street has been described as an open-air museum of Islamic architecture. This mile-long thoroughfare contains an extraordinary concentration of medieval architectural treasures.

• Qalawun Complex: This 13th-century marvel includes a mausoleum, madrasa, and hospital. The mausoleum’s mihrab (prayer niche) features exquisite marble work and mother-of-pearl inlays.
• Bayt Al-Suhaymi: This preserved Ottoman-era merchant’s house offers a glimpse into the domestic life of Cairo’s wealthy during the 17th and 18th centuries. Its mashrabiya (wooden latticed windows) and central courtyard exemplify traditional Islamic domestic architecture.
• Sabil-Kuttab of Abdel Rahman Katkhuda: This elegant public fountain and Quranic school showcases the charitable institutions that once dotted Cairo’s streets.
• Recently Restored Façades: Following extensive restoration work, many of the street’s historic buildings now display their original splendor, with intricate stone carvings and decorative elements visible as they would have been centuries ago.

No visit to Cairo is complete without exploring this legendary souk (marketplace) that has been the commercial heart of the city since the 14th century. Its labyrinthine alleys overflow with everything from tourist trinkets to authentic handicrafts.

Standing proudly in Tahrir Square, the Egyptian Museum houses the world’s most extensive collection of pharaonic antiquities. Though some artifacts have been moved to the new Grand Egyptian Museum (near Giza), the pink-hued building still holds countless treasures.

The Egyptian Museum in Tahrir Square continues to be an essential destination for travelers, even with the opening of the Grand Egyptian Museum coming soon near Giza. This rose-colored neoclassical building, dating back to 1902, holds an unmatched historical gravitas that newer facilities simply cannot replicate. Walking through its somewhat chaotic galleries feels like stepping into an archaeological time capsule—where discoveries were displayed much as they were when first unearthed, creating an atmosphere of exploration and wonder that connects visitors directly to Egypt’s golden age of excavation.

• Tutankhamun’s Treasures: While the famous golden mask has been relocated, many artifacts from the boy king’s tomb remain, including jewelry, furniture, and ceremonial items.
• Royal Mummy Collection: Face-to-face with the remarkably preserved remains of Egypt’s most powerful pharaohs, including Ramses II and Hatshepsut.
• Statuary Hall: Colossal statues and delicate figurines trace the evolution of Egyptian art across three millennia.
• Jewelry Collection: Exquisite pieces demonstrate the extraordinary skill of ancient Egyptian goldsmiths and jewelers.

Cairo has a desert climate, which means hot, dry summers and mild, sunny winters. From October to April is the best time to visit, when temperatures are comfortable (ranging from 60–80°F / 16–27°C) and perfect for sightseeing. Summer months (especially June to August) can be extremely hot, with temperatures exceeding 100°F (38°C), so it’s best to explore early in the morning or in the evening if visiting during that time.

Cairo’s traffic is crazy, I absolutely do not recommend self driving in Cairo.

• Uber These ride-sharing apps are reliable, affordable, and safer than negotiating with taxis. The conditions of vehicles are variable- and with the crazy traffic you could wait awhile for your Uber to arrive.
• Cairo Metro: One of the fastest ways to get around the city, especially during rush hour. It’s cheap and covers many major areas. I did not personally try the Metro but there was a stop right in the heart of Coptic Cairo.
• Private Tours: For visiting places like the pyramids, many travelers opt for guided tours or private drivers- I highly recommend this- if you are interested in a private guide, I have a couple I can recommend. We traveled on a group tour and our local guide was awesome and very well educated you can find his contact info in the description section of my Cairo Youtube Video. I also follow a Egypt Travel group on Facebook, you can join and request recommendation there. The guy that runs the group is also a guide, and he seems to have good reviews.
• Walking: Ideal in compact historic areas like Islamic Cairo or Coptic Cairo, but less practical city-wide due to traffic and distances.

• Dress modestly when visiting religious sites – both Islamic and Coptic. Women should cover shoulders and knees, and carry a light scarf for entering mosques where covering hair may be required.
• Photography may be restricted in some locations or require an additional ticket.
• Friday is the Islamic holy day, and Sunday is observed by the Coptic community – plan accordingly as some sites may have adjusted hours.

• Cairo is generally safe for tourists, but stay vigilant in crowded areas.
• Carry small Egyptian bills for tips (baksheesh), which are often expected for small services.
• Stay hydrated and protect yourself from the sun, even during winter months.
• Consider bringing a dust mask if you have respiratory sensitivities, as Cairo’s air quality can be challenging.

• “Shukran” (Thank you)
• “Min fadlak/fadlik” (Please – male/female)
• “Ma’a salama” (Goodbye)
• “La shukran” (No thank you – useful when declining persistent vendors)- “La La” works too!

We stayed in the Conrad Cairo that has recently changed owners and is now the Sofitel Cairo. For more information on that hotel see this post.